1 Corinthians Lesson 10
First Corinthians
Lesson 10 -2nd Cor. 2-4
By Cindy Ketron
On The Edge of Eternity
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Last week, we learned that 2 Corinthians contains a mishmash of issues. It is for this reason that some scholars believe that 2 Corinthians is actually a grouping of a few of Paul’s letters. We know that there was a letter referenced in 1 Cor. 5:9 regarding some instructions Paul gave them regarding certain sins.
1. What sins did he mention in 1 Cor. 5:9-11?
Go ahead and read 2 Cor. 2:1-4. Paul references yet another letter. Some of your Bibles will refer to this letter as the “severe letter” and some translations will refer to it as “the letter of tears”. We do not have this letter and it would have been written between 1 and 2 Corinthians. There are some theologians who believe that 2 Cor. 10-13 is partly some of that “severe” letter. However, we cannot know for sure. It was because of all the sin going on in this church that Paul made a quick trip from Ephesus back to Corinth after he left Corinth the 1st time. This 2nd quick trip was obviously a very painful one. It is actually the 3rd trip that he is making plans for as we open up this book. He will talk about the 2nd trip in 2 Cor. 12-13.
Because this quick visit was not a good one, Paul apparently went back to Ephesus in deep sorrow and he was aware that the problems in this church had not exactly been fixed. As we’ve said before, Corinth was his problem child. In v. 3, he told them that his preference would be to come to them in joy instead of the sorrow of the previous visit. So, the visit that he speaks of in chapter 2 would have been his 3rd visit.
2. What kind of emotion did this “severe” letter cost Paul? (2 Cor. 2:4)
The “severe” letter had been delivered by Titus and Paul was awaiting word from him regarding how the letter had been received. We talked about this last week and that Titus was supposed to meet up with Paul in Troas, but didn’t show up and then some time after that, he met up with Paul in Macedonia. Titus, to Paul’s relief, reported good news back to Paul. 2 Corinthians then, would have been Paul’s 4th letter to them.
This is all so confusing. Let’s do a timeline of this.
What we have are 3 visits and 4 letters:
Visit #1 - Paul was in Corinth when he founded the Corinthian church. Letter #1 - The “previous” letter is referred to in 1 Corinthians. We do not have a copy of it.
*Chloe’s people bring a letter from her to Paul regarding some of the nonsense going on in the church.
*Letter # 2 - 1 Corinthians
Visit #2 - The painful visit (Paul makes a hurried visit from Ephesus and then returns back to Ephesus.)
*Letter #3 - The “severe” letter (which we do not have a copy of) After this, Paul receives the letter from Titus about how the church responded to the severe letter.
*Letter #4 - 2 Corinthians
Visit # 3 - Spoken about in 2 Corinthians
There are a few themes in the book of 2 Corinthians. One of the themes we’ll look at this week is restoration. Sometimes church folk can be the meanest people….and sometimes they can be the kindest. They should always be the most gracious and merciful people around because of the grace and mercy that Christ has shown to them.
3. If you go back to 1 Cor. 5, what was the problem going on in vs. 1-13?
4. What was Paul’s instruction to them regarding this man?
Church discipline is something that most churches don’t participate in. It makes them uncomfortable for a variety of reasons.
Some see church discipline as being unloving.
Let’s see if we can break this down.
5. What is sin?
6. How does God demonstrate His love towards us? (Heb. 12:3-11)
7. What does sin lead to? (Rom. 6:23)
If we know that sin leads to death, then isn’t the MOST loving thing we could do is confront sin within the church?
There is an order to things in the Church. There is also a pattern of authority where God is the ultimate authority, but then we are under the shepherding authority of the pastor and elders in our individual churches. Confronting sin in our churches can be done in a judgemental way or it can be done in a loving and orderly way. The goal should always be the restoration of a fellow member to come back into the fold and to follow holiness.
8. Back in 1 Cor. 5, what reason did Paul give for disassociating this brother?
Sometimes as parents, we have to do the hard things with our children. The right thing to do is almost always the hardest thing to do. If we discipline our children when they break the rules, they will learn
2 things:
1. To follow the rules, and
2. That we really love them because we want to keep them safe and raise them to be productive citizens.
Paul was the spiritual parent to the church at Corinth. He knew that in order to raise this church to be the kind of church that would be honoring to God, he would sometimes have to be the bad guy. He was okay with this to a certain extent. We will see in this 2nd letter that it truly broke his heart to discipline them in the way he did and to set clear boundaries, but it was a necessary thing to do.
When we as parents set very tough boundaries for a wayward child, we must do so with prayer and we must accept that the fallout of those boundaries may not be what we had hoped and prayed for. I have a dear family member who has cost us all so much pain and heartache because he has been involved in substance abuse for a long, long time. In my conversations with his father, we sometimes discuss the difficulty of drawing lines in the sand and not enabling a particular addictive behavior. But in doing that, we have to accept that if we don’t provide a place to live, money to buy food, a vehicle, etc., that our addicted loved one may live on the streets hungry and desperate and they may not survive. However, if we don’t do that, it is sure that the addiction will continue. All addictions stunt the emotional growth of the individual. The Corinthian church was addicted to sin. Their growth was stunted.
The goal should always be maturity. Paul already addressed this when he told them that they were still drinking milk when they should be eating solid food.
Some feel that the church should not discipline members because the church is full of sinners.
How many times have you heard someone say that they’re not saying anything about anyone’s behavior because they are a sinner too and that would be hypocritical? Those who would say this often quote Matthew 7:1, “Judge not lest ye be judged.” And many feel that engaging in church discipline would be arrogant and judgemental. Those who think this way simply do not understand the text and what we just studied in 1 Cor. 5-6 where Paul lays out the fact that the church is to exercise judgement. Too many churches will not tolerate anyone being offended from the pulpit. If a pastor offends anyone, they run that pastor off. My personal feeling is that if a pastor is not offending people by preaching the truth, then the pastor needs to go.
This all brings us to where Paul is going to make the case to restore a repentant brother or sister in Christ if they had repented. Go ahead and read 2 Cor. 2:5-10.
9. What is worse, tolerating sin in the church or refusing to restore a repentant brother or sister in Christ?
In my estimation, they are both equally bad. In one case, the church is behaving like the world, and in the other case, the church is behaving like a bunch of Pharisees. Neither of these situations is reflective of a mature church. In 2 Tim. 4:1-4, Paul warns Timothy about what the future held for teachers and pastors.
10. What 3 things did he tell him to do?
11. Why will people not endure sound teaching?
Friends, this was the first century. This was the beginning of the Church. 2000 years later, this is still the case, only now, I think it’s probably worse. This man, back in 1 Cor. 5 who had been in an indecent relationship with his father’s wife had been kicked out of the church. Now the man is repentant and the church wasn’t forgiving him. Paul is exhorting them to receive this man back into the fellowship of the church. This brings up an interesting point. When people really screw up and the church knows it and speaks to the person about it, oftentimes, that person is too embarrassed to return to the fellowship of the church. But I also think that one reason for that embarrassment is that the church members never really restore that person to fellowship. They never fully open their arms to this person.
In v. 7, Paul tells them that if they don’t receive this man back into the fold, then he will be “swallowed up” or overwhelmed with his grief. Paul addressed this same kind of scenario with the Galatian church.
12. What was his advice to them in Gal. 6:1?
In 2 Cor. 2:11, Paul tells them what will happen if they don’t restore this man back into the fellowship.
13. What is this?
14. What are some of Satan’s devices or tactics?
If they had not restored this man into the fellowship, then Satan would have an occasion to outsmart them and take advantage of the situation. Have you ever shared something really private with someone who later used that information against you in some way? I think we all have been there at some point in our lives. This Corinthian church was holding the man’s sinful past against him. Forgiveness in this situation would cause this church to be unified and if you recall, disunity is one of the issues that Paul addressed in 1 Corinthians.
15. What are the devices of Satan in the following verses?
Eph. 4:26-27
Gen. 3:1-5
1 Cor. 10:9
John 8:44
Dear ones, we face a powerful enemy! He wants to make us think that he is on our side. And trust me when I say that he already has a plan for you and me and it is not a good plan.
As much as we want to be mad at people for all the bad stuff they do, Paul gives us a glimpse into the spiritual realm in Eph. 6:10-12.
16. Who do we really have a problem with?
In the movie, The Wizard of Oz, there was someone behind the Great Oz. That someone was responsible for what came out of the wizard’s mouth and how the wizard ruled the land of Oz. In much the same way, the powers and principalities of the air are behind people who have sold out their souls to Satan. Satan’s ambassadors, the demons of the world, are the ones pulling the strings behind evil people. That is why our prayers are so important.
The bottom line of 2 Cor. 2:11 is that if we are prepared for the fight, the enemy cannot take advantage of us.
Read 2 Cor. 2:12-17. Verse 14 speaks of a “triumph”. This is a Greek military term. In the Greco/Roman world, what was a Roman triumph? A Roman triumph occurred when a general won a war on foreign soil. A public holiday was declared and people would flock to the parade route to watch the triumphal entry of the general and the spoils of war. A triumph was only possible for those generals who had slaughtered 5000 enemy people. There was an order to a Roman triumph:
1. At the front of the parade were the state officials and the Roman senate.
2. Behind them were the trumpeters blowing their trumpets.
3. Behind them were all the spoils of war or the booty that was gained in the triumph.
4. Behind the trumpeters were the princes and the leaders who were taken as captives. They were generally in chains. These people were generally taken to the arena and thrown to wild beasts as a form of entertainment.
5. Behind them were the lictors (bodyguards for the magistrates) bearing their rods, and musicians with lyres.
6. Behind them were the priests carrying their censers with incense and they would wave these censers to release a sweet smelling aroma as the parade marched.
7. Behind them was the general who was victorious in battle. He would be in a golden chariot pulled by 4 horses. He would be wearing a very ornate purple toga. He would be holding an ivory sceptre with the Roman eagle on top. Over his head, a slave would be holding the crown of Jupiter. This was considered to be a religious parade and the general was believed to be a mediator between the people and the gods. Following him was his family who would have been so proud.
8. Following the general’s family would have been the rest of the captives. (the unimportant ones who were not leaders or royalty) These captives generally became slaves.
9. Behind this second group of captives would be another group of priests with censers.
In this Roman triumph were 2 groups of captives and 2 groups of priests with censers of incense. One group of captives would be killed and one group would be saved. Paul is going to use this analogy of the Roman triumph to describe those who are saved and those who are not.
17. What then is the aroma of life and death in v. 14-16?
I wonder if there is any amongst our group who have heard of the sweet aroma of Christ when a loved one who walked closely with the Lord is dying. I had heard of it, but never experienced it until several years ago when the most precious man I’ve ever known was dying. His hospital room smelled like cookies and he remarked from 3 days prior to his death that he could smell something sweet. All of those who came to see him felt as if this was the sacrifice of a life lived for Christ and that his life was a sweet aroma to life in the triumph of life. The Apostle Paul would eventually understand this on a personal level as he gave his life to the cause of the gospel.
Jewish believers in the Corinthian church would have understood vs. 14-16 in a dual context. They would have understood the Roman triumph parade, but they would also have drawn a connection between the burnt offerings from the Old Testament.
18. What do you learn in the following verses about those offerings that were a sweet aroma to God?
Gen. 8:20-21
Lev. 23:18
Num. 28:27
For the Gentile believers in the Corinthian church, they would have also connected these verses to religious rituals, but not in the Jewish way, in the pagan way. Just as Satan replicates everything Christ does, the pagan temples had incense offerings to their false gods. In Paul’s brilliant way of connecting all the dots so that everyone could understand, he gives this analogy of the Roman triumph, and in doing so, he separates humanity into 2 groups: those who are on the path to salvation (heaven) and those who are on the path to destruction (hell).
Those of us who spread the gospel news of Jesus Christ are like the aroma of sweet fragrance that is wafting through the air in a victory procession. And although both of the groups (the victors and the soon to perish prisoners) both smell the same sweet aroma, it means something different to each of them. To one, it means death, and to the other, it means life.
Read 2 Cor. 3:1-11. Paul gets into the defense of his apostolic authority as we move into chapter 3. The proof of his authority as he says in v. 2 is that the “letter of commendation” is written on the hearts of the Corinthian believers. There is the Old Covenant and the New Covenant. The Old Covenant was written in words. The New Covenant is written on the heart. This is the doctrine of regeneration and the premier chapter in Scripture regarding this is found in Ezekiel 36. Whenever we apply for a job, many positions require that we put down references and those references will send in a letter of recommendation or commendation to say that the person they are sending the letter for is qualified for the position.
Instead of writing us a letter of recommendation, God has written His word on our heart. Read Ezekiel 36:26-27 and note what happens when God removes our heart of stone and puts in a heart of flesh.
How is proof of something measured? Let’s say that I have surgery on a withered hand that I haven’t been able to use for a long time. How do I know if the surgery worked? I know because I will be able to use my hand again. Let’s say that I have a dirt yard but I want to have a lush grassy yard, so I seed the yard. How will I know that my seeding worked? I will know because I will have grass in my yard. As the old saying goes, “The proof is in the pudding.” This means that the real value of something can only be judged from practical experience or results. The result of having a heart of flesh instead of a heart of stone will be measured in our obedience to God.
Paul goes further in chapter 3 to make a similar contrast between the letter (Law) and the Spirit.
19. Look at 2 Cor. 3:6-11 and fill in the blanks below.
Old Covenant vs New Covenant
Heart of _________________ Heart of ___________________
The Law _________________ The Spirit __________________
Glory ____________________ Glory never ________________
Written on _______________ Written in the ______________
Glorious More glorious!
Could never be kept Grace keeps us here
For Paul, the proof of this pudding was the salvation of the people in the church in Corinth. Read 2 Cor. 3:12-16. We discussed the details of these verses in lesson 6. In this lesson, we learned that there were actually 2 givings of the Law. One was given and God wrote it on stone tablets and when Moses descended back down Mt. Sinai after receiving the Law, the people were already breaking two BIG laws!
20. What were they?(Exodus 20:3-4)
That old sacrificial system was very strict and completely impossible to maintain. They tried….well, they tried sometimes. Moses ended up going back up that mountain, only this time, he stayed 40 days and nights and God again wrote the Law on tablets of stone.
21. What happened when he came down the mountain? (Exodus 34:29-35)
22. Anytime we are in the presence of God for an extended period of time, then our countenance will reflect that. What do you learn in Hebrews 12:14?
23. The Law made a way for the people to be in a relationship with God. Because they couldn’t keep the Law, the sacrificial system was established. How did this system work? (Hebrews 9:22)
The shedding of blood was the only payment for the wages of sin. That is God’s economy. Over the years, there were likely millions of animals who were sacrificed to pay for the sins of the people. But the blood of these animals was never a permanent offering for our sin. It was temporary and it had to be done on a regular basis just so the people could be in the grace of God. Their salvation was charged on credit until Christ came and died for their sins. Read Hebrews 10:1-10.
24. What was the Law according to v. 1?
25. Were the Old Testament offerings a one time deal?
26. Did the blood of bulls and goats actually take away sin?
The payment for holiness was blood. We can never come before a holy God if we have sin staining our hands. If Jesus Christ had come to earth in His heavenly body, that body would not have bled human blood. He had to come to earth through the womb of a woman and He had to bleed human blood in
order to be the payment for our sin. He was the perfect sin offering, an offering that need only occur 1x. In Heb. 10:9, we read about the 1st and the 2nd. This is a reference to the first covenant, the Old Covenant, and the second covenant, the New Covenant. Thank God for the 2nd covenant, the more perfect covenant. It is because of this covenant that we have access to heaven and to the presence of God.
In 2 Cor. 3:15, we read that even now when the Law of Moses is read to those who don’t know Christ, they are blinded because they can’t see that it is impossible to keep the Law. It is only when we accept Jesus as Lord and Savior that the veil is removed from our hearts and we can see in a spiritual sense.
Read the last 2 verses of 2 Cor. 3. My, my, my, what a tremendous promise this is! In our country, we are so fortunate to have the liberty that we do. Countless men and women have fought on home and foreign soils to make sure that we get to keep that liberty. It is such a common and expected thing for us in America that we often take it for granted. When Jesus began His earthly ministry Luke 4, He quoted Scripture from the Old Testament to authenticate His role as the One who was spoken of in Isaiah 61:1-2.
27. What was His mission according to these verses?
The Greek word translated as “liberty” in v. 17 means personal freedom from servitude, confinement, or oppression. In other words, He came to cut the cords that bind us and blind us.
28. What exactly are we freed from in the following verses?
Gal. 4:3-7
Rom. 7:4-6
Rom. 8:2
When we find Christ and ask Him to forgive us and be our Savior, the sin that entangles us will no longer be our master. Years ago, I knew a woman who had been caught up in a lot of sin. I don’t believe she is living anymore. This woman often spoke in our Christian women’s circles that we were both a part of, regarding how God had delivered her from a life that had been so sinful and the natural/logical consequences of her previous life had wreaked havoc on at least 2 generations of children. Her testimony was so beautiful and touched many lives. I lost contact with her for a good while and when I connected back up with her, I discovered that she had joined a legalistic denomination that was works-based and one that did not believe in the doctrine of “once saved, always saved.” Oh, it grieved me! How could she return to a bondage that she had been freed from? The Apostle Paul recognized that scenarios like this could happen.
29. What did he warn the Galatian church about in Gal. 5:1?
30. The Apostle Peter said that kind of thinking could eventually lead to an even deeper kind of slavery in 2 Pet. 2:19. What does he say it could lead to?
Now that we have the Spirit of God residing within us, we don’t have to be slaves to sin anymore. One of the most hopeful aspects of our new life in Christ is the knowledge that this world is not our own. We have some place else to go. The past few years have been some of the most difficult of my life. Those in my inner circle know of some of the pain. There are days that I feel as if I’m so overcome with grief that if someone asks me anything, I’m liable to burst into uncontrollable tears. (And that has actually happened at times.) The hope of heaven when life is hard and the knowledge that all this down here on earth is temporary gives me the emotional energy to get out of bed another day. Because I am a child of the Most High King, I can live in the expectation of glory! Our reality is not here, it’s there, up there in heaven with God. As long as I’m here, I’m not home.
Friend, how much is God using you? To whatever degree He is using you, He will break you. I don’t like this and I don’t have to like it, but it is true. God wants us to learn to rely completely upon Him. How do we learn that? We learn it in the deep sorrow of life.
31. According to Rom. 8:21, what else is going to be set free?
Oh sweet sisters, heaven seems sweeter with each passing day! “Where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty!”
Read 2 Cor. 4:1-2. The 3rd and 4th chapters could have definitely been combined because Paul continues to express what we have as a result of our salvation. Now, he is going to go further into saying what we need to do with what we’ve been given. Have you ever known someone who practiced a religion different from yours? I have. I think most of us have. For those who live in large cities, that is probably even more pronounced. Right here in our own backyard is a melting pot of sorts. It's called Eastman Chemical Company. People from all walks of life work there. My husband is friends with a Muslim, a Hindu, and a Sikh. He has been able to share the love of Christ with people who are very, very different in their belief system from him. All religions of the world have a works-based doctrine. All of them. There is not one that does not. I love what Pastor J. Vernon McGee says about this: “All religions of the world say, do, do, do. The Gospel says, DONE!” Ain’t this great?!
32. In 2 Cor. 4:2, what are we to renounce?
The Amplified Bible translation spells out this verse so poignantly:
We have renounced disgraceful ways - secret thoughts, feelings, desires and underhandedness, methods and arts that men hid through shame; we refuse to deal craftily (to practice trickery and cunning) or to adulterate or handle dishonestly the Word of God; but we state the truth openly, clearly, and candidly. And so we commend ourselves in the sight and presence of God to every man’s conscience.
In other words, if you’re talkin the talk, you’d better walk the walk! You know the old saying, “If it walks like a duck and talks like a duck, then it’s probably a duck!” If we talk like a Christian and walk (our actions/behaviors) like a Christian, then there’s a very good chance that we’re a Christian.
33. Read 2 Cor. 4:3-6. Why in the world would the gospel be hidden and who is it hidden from?
I was watching a Youtube video recently and there was a fella who was talking to a very intelligent preacher and the fella said something to the effect of, “I grew up in church and have read the Bible and been taught since my childhood about Christianity. I don’t get it. To me, it’s no different from any other religion.” How could this possibly happen? There are people everywhere who grew up in church, but Satan has blinded them from the truth.
34. 2 Cor. 4:6 speaks of God commanding the light to shine out of darkness. When did this happen? (Gen. 1:1-3)
The same God who called forth the light out of the darkness is the same God who called forth the light to shine in our dark hearts! I don’t know what version of Scripture you use, but some of your Bibles will say that the Spirit of God hovered over the water and other versions will say that the Spirit of God moved over the water. The Hebrew word here is m’rahefet and it denotes an eagle encircling the nest to protect its eggs. The Spirit of God at creation (Ruach Elohim) is depicted as active and life-giving, preparing to bring order and life. When Paul says in v. 6 that the reason for the light in our heart is to “give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ”, we can visualize the Spirit of God hovering over our hearts, just like that mother eagle does in protecting her eggs. God’s Spirit protects us and gives life to the dead, stone-cold hearts within us and gives us a heart of flesh.
35.In 2 Cor. 4:7, what earthen vessel do you think he is referring to?
Any earthen vessel is fragile and easily broken. Our human bodies are fragile and easily broken and yet, in our fragility, we have the glorious light of the gospel deposited within us and we are to let that light shine. In Judges 7 is the story of Gideon going against the mighty Midianite army. They were so vast that they were described as being “as many as the sands of the seashore”. But God had Gideon take only 300 men with him to defeat this enormous army. God outlined a very strange battle plan. Sometimes God’s battle plans for us seem strange, but there’s always a reason.
36. In Judges 7:16, what 3 things did Gideon instruct these 300 men to take into battle with them?
The torches were to be kept inside the empty pitcher (earthen vessel) so that the Midianites could not see Gideon and his men coming.
37. What were the men instructed to do in Judges 7:20?
You see, it was not until the pitchers (the earth vessels) were broken that the light could shine and be seen. It is not until we are broken that our light can be seen. Oh dear friends, step into the light of Christ! Let your light shine regardless of what pain you carry in your soul!
38. What are the comparisons that Paul is making in 2 Cor. 4:8-9?
These 2 little verses give us a small glimpse into the heart of Paul and what he had to deal with in his ministry. I haven’t had to deal with any of the physical abuse that Paul did. In fact, the spiritual warfare that I do deal with and have dealt with in no way even comes close to comparing with what Paul had to contend with. He seems tired and worn out in these 2 verses, and yet, he is so spiritually strong that he cannot be broken. He was walking in the light. Once Jesus met him on the road to Damascus, Paul was a changed man. And while I’m sure he struggled (because he’s a human being), I see nowhere in Scripture where he ever compromised. I wish I could say the same of myself.
There was a time in my life where I could not sleep or rest if I thought someone disliked me. But the older I get, the more I’m okay if someone hates me if they hate me for the right reasons. Paul had a lot of haters. Everyone is not on the frontline. People who are on the frontline get shot at more often and harder than those who are somewhere fighting behind enemy lines. Paul was a frontliner. He was out there preaching and teaching the truth regardless of who it ticked off. And he absolutely ticked off some pretty influential people (like the ruling class of the Jews, kings, emperors, etc.) Ask yourself this, “Am I willing to be hated for spreading the truth? What would that look like in my life? How would I handle it?”
Friends, you had better ponder those questions, because you may one day face such a scenario if the world stays on the trajectory that it is on currently. Something tells me that the furthest thing from Paul’s mind was whether or not someone liked him. He was far more interested in getting out the truth. His earthen vessel was broken and his light was always shining.
39. Read 2 Cor. 4:10-18. In these verses, do you ever get the idea that Paul thought death was his endgame?
How is it that our bodies can age and perish, but our spirit continues to thrive? How is it that the older our bodies are, the more fragile they become, but the longer we walk with God, the more alive our spirit is?
40. Verses 17-18 are my favorite verses in this chapter. I want you to get personal right now. What affliction is going on in your life currently? How are you dealing with that affliction? What keeps you going?
You see, it is through the hope that the Lord deposits into our hearts that lets us know that every need we have will be met in Jesus Christ. EVERY SINGLE ONE!!! That hope allows us to get out of bed and walk into today and tomorrow and the next day. This life we are living right now is not the thing to live for. As long as we are living on this earth, we are not yet home. This place is not our home! This place is not our reality! There is a place called home far beyond the sky and one day, we will be celebrating our glorious Lord and Savior in His very presence! That place will be more real than anything we’ve experienced on this earth. And even in the afflictions that Paul went through, he lived with that blessed hope.
Blessings.
© Cindy D. Ketron. All Rights Reserved
